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Image: Henry Schnautz’s Trotsky (1950s)
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Here are a few preliminary, still very rough translations of passages from Trotsky writing on Nietzsche not available in English. There is probably some background required to know the various philosophical and literary (idealist and symbolist, respectively) movements he’s talking about, but I think that Trotsky makes a few essential points that are in line with later interpretations advanced by Adorno. Which makes me wonder, did Adorno et al. perhaps read this essay? Was it available in German, even if not in English? The essay’s title in English would be “Starved for ‘Culture'” or something like that, from 1908.
Note the succession in the last paragraph: Nietzsche, Kant, the Marquis de Sade! Recall the second chapter of Dialectic of Enlightenment, where precisely these figures were juxtaposed with respect to the morality of the individual under enlightened bourgeois subjectivity.
Our impoverished “decadence†of the 1890’s was not the first declaration of aristocratic, or even intellectual-bourgeois aestheticism. But from the outset, how gutless (even cowardly) it was! It scarcely dared stammer on about the absolute end-in-itself of the aesthetic (though principally erotic) “tremor†[«трепета»], or of its protest against “tendentiousness†— i.e., in practice, against the grand morality of political obligations, which gravitated toward literature and strove to give the appearance of struggling against moralizing populism. This helped it come under the aegis of the journalistic Marxism of the time, which was of little interest to the Decadents taken on its own terms. They were both still psychologically connected, if you will, by the fact that both proclaimed a “new word†and both were in the minority. The Petersburg journal Life, a combination of third-rate Marxism and kitschy aestheticism printed on good paper for an inexpensive price, was the fruit of this strange coupling. Increasing colossally overnight, the vogue appeal of Gorkii developed in the same period. According to the current definition, the tramp symbolizes the revolt against petit-bourgeois philistinism. Untrue! On the contrary! For broad groups of intellectuals, the tramp turned out to be precisely the symbol of the sudden rise of petit-bourgeois [мещанÑкого, also connotes “philistineâ€] individualism. Off with one’s burdens! It’s time to straighten one’s back! Society is nothing more than an imperceptible abstraction. I — and this is me! — here came to the aid of Nietzsche. In the West, he appeared as the final, most extreme word in philosophical individualism because he was also the negation and overcoming of petit-bourgeois individualism. But for us Nietzsche was forced to perform a quite different task: we smashed his lyrical philosophy into fragments of paradoxes and threw them into circulation as the hard cash of a petty, pretentious egoism…
Ðаш жалконький «декаданÑ» 90-Ñ… годов — и был Ñтим первым провозглашением не дворÑнÑкого, а интеллигентÑко-мещанÑкого ÑÑтетизма. Ðо как он был по первоначалу робок, даже труÑлив! Он едва Ñмел заикатьÑÑ Ð¾Ð± абÑолютной ÑамоцельноÑти ÑÑтетичеÑкого (главным образом ÑротичеÑкого) «трепета» и Ñвоему протеÑту против «тенденциозноÑти», Ñ‚.-е. на деле против больших нравÑтвенно-политичеÑких обÑзательÑтв, Ñ‚Ñготевших на литературе, ÑтаралÑÑ Ð¿Ñ€Ð¸Ð´Ð°Ñ‚ÑŒ вид борьбы против морализующего народничеÑтва. Ðто помогло ему Ñтать под защиту тогдашнего журнального маркÑизма, который Ñам по Ñебе декадентов мало интереÑовал. Их, пожалуй, еще пÑихологичеÑки ÑвÑзывало то, что оба провозглашали «новое Ñлово» и оба были в меньшинÑтве. ПетербургÑкий журнал Жизнь, ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð±Ð¸Ð½Ð°Ñ†Ð¸Ñ Ð¸Ð· дешевого маркÑизма и дешевого ÑÑтетизма, на хорошей бумаге и за недорогую цену, ÑвилÑÑ Ð¿Ð»Ð¾Ð´Ð¾Ð¼ Ñтой Ñтранной ÑвÑзи. КолоÑÑальнаÑ, в 24 чаÑа выроÑшаÑ, популÑрноÑÑ‚ÑŒ Горького — Ñвление той же Ñпохи. По ходÑчему определению, боÑÑк был Ñимволом бунта против мещанÑтва. Ðеправда! Как раз наоборот! Ð”Ð»Ñ ÑˆÐ¸Ñ€Ð¾ÐºÐ¸Ñ… групп интеллигенции боÑÑк оказалÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð¾ Ñимволом воÑпрÑнувшего мещанÑкого индивидуализма. Долой ношу! Пора выпрÑмить хребет! ОбщеÑтво — лишь Ð½ÐµÑƒÐ»Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ð¼Ð°Ñ Ð°Ð±ÑтракциÑ. Я — Ñто Ñ! — Ðа помощь пришел Ðицше. Ðа Западе он ÑвилÑÑ, как поÑледнее, Ñамое крайнее Ñлово филоÑофÑкого индивидуализма и потому — как отрицание и преодоление индивидуализма мещанÑкого. У Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¶Ðµ Ðицше заÑтавили выполнÑÑ‚ÑŒ ÑовÑем другую работу: его лиричеÑкую филоÑофию разбили на оÑколки парадокÑов и пуÑтили их в оборот, как звонкую монету маленького претенциозного Ñгоизма…
The decadence of the first generation, the tramp lifestyle [боÑÑчеÑтво], and Nietzscheanism were the muddled, romantic, chaotic outburst of a new intellectual health. These were the Wanderjahre [the years of wandering] of individualism. The next period — the time of idealist philosophy’s “flowering,†that is, its pale vulgarization of Kant (think the Problems of Idealism collection) — attempts to conquer the individuality of the tramp lifestyle by philosophical flattery, declaring personality an end in itself while at the same time placing it under the protection of “absolute†norms of morality [норм морали].
ДекадентÑтво первого призыва, боÑÑчеÑтво, ницшеанÑтво были Ñумбурным, романтичеÑким, хаотичеÑким взрывом нового интеллигентÑкого ÑамочувÑтвиÑ. Ðто — Wanderjahre (годы Ñкитаний) индивидуализма. Следующий период — Ð²Ñ€ÐµÐ¼Ñ Â«Ñ€Ð°Ñцвета» идеалиÑтичеÑкой филоÑофии, Ñ‚.-е. бледной популÑризации Канта (вÑпомните Проблемы идеализма — делает попытку полонить боÑÑчеÑтвующую индивидуальноÑÑ‚ÑŒ филоÑофÑкой леÑтью, объÑвив личноÑÑ‚ÑŒ Ñамоцелью и в то же Ð²Ñ€ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ñтавив ее под конвой «абÑолютных» норм морали.
This petty philosophical knavery has as the goal of reigning in the individuality that pervades petit-bourgeois culture, to keep it from stumbling into anarchism: “I am an absolute end-in-itself, but for me (or in me) there must reside the categorical imperative of duty; therefore, I cannot but perform the duties of man and citizen.†Nietzsche was the genuine negation and overcoming of Kant and the Kantians, those “crafty intercessors of their own prejudices.†Whereas our Kantian appeared for the sake of overcoming [also mastering, одолениÑ] Nietzscheanism, he in turn was mastered [одолев] — legitimized, and was legitimated — as he began to accommodate himself to the “Freedom†of the coming parliamentary life. At bottom, the individualism of the first period, from Gorky to…Kant possessed psychologically an altogether superficial character. Everything revolves around the realm of aesthetic anticipation and philosophical projection. Individualism has not yet mastered the will, and the radical soul therefore for the most part [lit. “in ¾†or на три четверти] retains its old content. A lot of work remains in store to translate individualism from a philosophico-aesthetic — i.e., “celebratory†— consciousness into the sphere of everyday experiences and to subordinate the all mental/spiritual [душевный, like the German word geistig] custom unto it. A major share of this work was accomplished by the events of the last three years [i.e., since 1905]. They have ruptured many of the surviving bonds of tradition, laid bare much of what had remained covered over, made more profound that which had been intended, and superannuated all classes of society for many decades. When the floodwaters subsided, it was necessary to summarize the huge mass of impressions, the mental and spiritual gains and losses. For the intelligentsia is in the first place meant to cast off the Old Adam — the aged asceticism of radical nihilism and primitive anti-bourgeois instincts. Not philosophically eviscerate everything inside, as happened only psychologically before the revolution.
Ðто маленькое филоÑофÑкое плутовÑтво имеет Ñвоей задачей впрÑчь ÑбивающуюÑÑ Ð½Ð° анархизм индивидуальноÑÑ‚ÑŒ в оглобли мещанÑкой культуры: Â«Ñ â€” абÑÐ¾Ð»ÑŽÑ‚Ð½Ð°Ñ Ñамоцель, но надо мною (или во мне) живет категоричеÑкий императив долга; поÑтому Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶ÐµÐ½ выполнÑÑ‚ÑŒ обÑзанноÑти человека и гражданина». Подлинный Ðицше был отрицанием и преодолением Канта и кантианцев, Ñтих «пронырливых ходатаев Ñвоих предраÑÑудков». Ðаш же кантианец ÑвилÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ†ÑˆÐµÐ°Ð½Ñтва, одолев — уÑыновил, уÑыновив — начал приÑпоÑоблÑÑ‚ÑŒ его в «ОÑвобождении» к грÑдущему парламентарному житию. Ð’ ÑущноÑти Ñтот индивидуализм первого периода, от Горького до… Канта, имеет пÑихологичеÑки Ñовершенно поверхноÑтный характер. Ð’Ñе вращаетÑÑ Ð² облаÑти ÑÑтетичеÑких предвоÑхищений и филоÑофÑких проекций. Индивидуализм еще не овладел волей, и потому Ñ€Ð°Ð´Ð¸ÐºÐ°Ð»ÑŒÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð´ÑƒÑˆÐ° на три четверти ÑохранÑет Ñвое Ñтарое Ñодержание. ПредÑтоÑла еще Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑŒÑˆÐ°Ñ Ñ€Ð°Ð±Ð¾Ñ‚Ð°: перевеÑти индивидуализм из филоÑофÑко-ÑÑтетичеÑкого, Ñ‚.-е. «праздничного» ÑÐ¾Ð·Ð½Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð² Ñферу повÑедневных переживаний и подчинить ему веÑÑŒ душевный обиход. Главную долю Ñтой работы выполнили ÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ‹Ñ‚Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ñледних трех лет. Они порвали многие лишь по традиции ÑохранившиеÑÑ ÑвÑзи, оголили многое, что оÑтавалоÑÑŒ прикрытым, углубили многое, что было лишь намечено, и ÑоÑтарили вÑе клаÑÑÑ‹ общеÑтва на много деÑÑтилетий. Когда воды потопа Ñхлынули, пришлоÑÑŒ подвеÑти итог огромной маÑÑе впечатлений, душевных приобретений и душевных утрат. Ð”Ð»Ñ Ð¸Ð½Ñ‚ÐµÐ»Ð»Ð¸Ð³ÐµÐ½Ñ†Ð¸Ð¸ Ñто прежде вÑего значило ÑброÑить Ñ ÑÐµÐ±Ñ Ð²ÐµÑ‚Ñ…Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ Ðдама Ñтарых аÑкетичеÑких привычек, радикального нигилизма и первобытных анти-мещанÑких инÑтинктов. Ðе филоÑофÑки ÑброÑить, как до революции, а пÑихологичеÑки, вÑем нутром.
If ideological contradictions are “normal†in the mechanics of development, what is still quite extraordinary is the pace at which they come and go. Standalone moments within the process of our intellectual metamorphosis flit by exactly as on the screen of the cinema. This is to be explained by the general backwardness of our historical development. We have arrived too late, and have therefore been condemned to traverse the history of an abridged European tutorial. A narrow line traces out a new fissure in our social life, calling for a new ideology, such as the one Europe now casts down upon us, corresponding to the riches of its philosophy, its literature, its art: Nietzsche… Kant… the Marquis de Sade… Schopenhauer… Oscar Wilde… Renan… That which exists in the West was born in spasms and convulsions, or else was composed by imperceptible degrees, as the product of an complex cultural epoch — the only cost that falls to us is that of translation and publication. The abundance of readymade philosophical and artistic forms accelerates the ideological evolution of our intelligentsia, turns minor collisions into sharp but passing crises, and in this manner lends the whole process a cursory and superficial appearance. Two related tendencies likewise seek the shortest path into the domain [царÑтво] of petit-bourgeois culture, which all of a sudden stand at cross purposes, like two terrible systems armed to the teeth with European arsenals. For the moment the whole field still seems overspread with corpses. But in no more than the time it takes to wipe your glasses, both warring parties — the Decadents and the Parnassians, the mystics and the positivists, the ascetics and the Nietzscheans — have paraded down for a conciliatory feast at the restaurant “Vienna.â€
ЕÑли идейные Ð¿Ñ€Ð¾Ñ‚Ð¸Ð²Ð¾Ñ€ÐµÑ‡Ð¸Ñ ÑоÑтавлÑÑŽÑ‚ «нормальную» механику развитиÑ, то Ñовершенно иÑключительным ÑвлÑетÑÑ, однако, тот темп, в котором они у Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑменÑÑŽÑ‚ друг друга. Отдельные моменты в процеÑÑе интеллигентÑких метаморфоз мелькают точно на Ñкране Ñинематографа. Ðто объÑÑнÑетÑÑ Ð¾Ð±Ñ‰ÐµÐ¹ запоздалоÑтью нашего иÑторичеÑкого развитиÑ. Мы пришли Ñлишком поздно и потому о��уждены проходить иÑторию по Ñокращенному европейÑкому учебнику. Чуть Ð»Ð¸Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð°ÑˆÐµÐ¹ общеÑтвенной жизни намечает новый излом, требующий новой идеологии, как Европа ÑÐµÐ¹Ñ‡Ð°Ñ Ð¶Ðµ обрушивает на Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑоответÑтвенные богатÑтва Ñвоей филоÑофии, Ñвоей литературы, Ñвоего иÑкуÑÑтва. Ðицше…Кант…Маркиз де-Сад… ШопенгауÑр… ОÑкар Уайльд… Ренан… Что там, на Западе, рождалоÑÑŒ в Ñудорогах и корчах или незаметно ÑлагалоÑÑŒ, как продукт Ñложной культурной Ñпохи, то ложитÑÑ Ð½Ð° Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð»Ð¸ÑˆÑŒ издержками по переводу и печатанию. Обилие готовых филоÑофÑких и художеÑтвенных форм уÑкорÑет идейную Ñволюцию нашей интеллигенции, превращает второÑтепенные коллизии в оÑтрые, но мимолетные кризиÑÑ‹ и таким образом придает вÑему процеÑÑу беглый и поверхноÑтный характер. Два родÑтвенных оттенка, одинаково ищущие кратчайшего пути в царÑтво мещанÑкой культуры, внезапно выÑтупают друг против друга, как две грозные ÑиÑтемы, до зубов вооруженные ÑредÑтвами европейÑких арÑеналов. КажетÑÑ, еще миг — и вÑе поле покроетÑÑ Ñ‚Ñ€ÑƒÐ¿Ð°Ð¼Ð¸. Ðо не уÑпеете вы протереть очки, как обе враждующие Ñтороны, декаденты и парнаÑцы, миÑтики и позитивиÑÑ‚Ñ‹, аÑкеты и ницшеанцы шеÑтвуют на примирительную трапезу в реÑторан «Вену».
It is excellent to have this essay about Nietzsche and Trotsky since I was thinking of them both – more of the former. However, Trotsky does sound like an intellectual rambler, like most on the subject of Nietzsche.
Where did you get this? Is this part of a new translation of some early Trotsky works? Please give us more information about this work. For a “rough translation” it reads very well (I do not read or speak Russian, so I am not one to make judgments on anything like this). If you are working on translating some unpublished Trotsky, please get in touch with the Prometheus Research Library
http://www.prl.org/ and/or Marxists Internet Archive (if you haven’t already!) because I am sure that they would have people who could go over the translations with you and also they would love to know about and perhaps help with this research. And thank you for publishing this!
Independent Workers party of Chicago
It’s available in the original Russian on marxists.org, fully transcribed:
http://www.marxists.org/russkij/trotsky/1926/trotl486.htm
So it’s not all that unknown, I should think; rather, it’s not as widely circulated in the English-speaking world because a lot of Trotsky’s early works remain unavailable in translation. It’s not part of any forthcoming collection that I know of (at least, not yet!). I’m writing a brief essay on Marxism and Nietzsche and found this essay, so I thought I’d render some of it into English. Maybe I could translate the whole thing.
Reblogged this on Progressive Geographies and commented:
Some of Trotsky’s notes on Nietzsche translated for the first time – entirely news to me.
There is also Gramsci’s tantalisingly frustrating and polemical comment that:
“It is undoubtedly true that all those Nietzschean charlatans in revolt against the existing state of affairs, against social conventions, etc., have ended up by retching everything and thus ridding attitudes of all seriousness, but one must not let oneself be led in one’s judgements by these charlatans”.
An attack on Nietzsche or Nietzsche’s “charlatan” epigones?
Perhaps there are further echoes here of Adorno’s objection to Nietzsche’s raising of philosophical questions in a manner that refrains from the affirmer (the new philosopher?) intervening or critically challenging herd morality (Minima Moralia §61Court of appeal, pp.97-8).
Gramsci was actually pretty good at distinguishing between Nietzsche and his followers. See his 1926 piece on “supermanism,” included in a collection of his pre-prison cultural writings:
Reblogged this on lazyrealism and commented:
Trotzky and Nietzsche, nice combination…
Reblogged this on deltaqsquared and commented:
Wonderful! More English translations of Trotsky, this time on Nietzsche. Rather wordy but very readable.
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